Bitmap display is media compatible with dot matrix or laser printers.

--- Bill Joy

A bitmap is a map from an arbitrary domain, for example $\mathbb{Z}$, $\mathbb{Q}$ or $\mathbb{R}$, into the field with two elements: $(F_2, +_2, \cdot_2) = (\mathbb{Z}_2, +_2, \cdot_2) = ({0,1}, +_2, \cdot_2)$, with $$+_2: F_2 \times F_2 \to F_2, (z_1, z_2) \mapsto (z_1+z_2) \mod 2$$ and $$\cdot_2: F_2 \times F_2 \to F_2, (z_1, z_2) \mapsto (z_1 \cdot z_2) \mod 2.$$

Those maps can be used in computer graphics to store a binary image, that is, an image in which each pixel is either black or white (or any two colours). To do this, the domain is chosen to be a rectangle, i.e. $\mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R}$.

The more general term pixmap refers to a similar map from an arbitrary domain into a finite field $F_p$, with $p$ being a prime number bigger than $2$, or even more generally, into a finite subset of $\mathbb{N}$. In computer graphics, those pixmaps can be used to create images with multiple bits per pixel. Pixmaps are also called bitmaps, for simplicity of use.

A bitmap can be imagined as a format to store data. It commonly refers to the similar concept of a spatially mapped array of pixels. Raster images in general may be referred to as bitmaps or pixmaps, whether synthetic or photographic.

The native Windows format to store bitmaps is the BMP format. Another interesting format, though not purely a bitmap, is the Portable Networks Graphics, or PNG format, which uses compressed formats internally.

In this tutorial we will learn how to use bitmaps in Direct2D to load images into our games. As an example for bitmap file formats, we will have a closer look at the Windows native BMP format.

## BMP File Format

The BMP file format, also known as device independent bitmap (DIB) file format, is a raster graphics image file format used to store bitmap digital images, independently of the display device (such as a graphics adapter), especially on Microsoft Windows and OS/2 operating systems. The BMP file format is capable of storing two-dimensional digital images both monochrome and in colour, in various colour depths, and optionally with data compression, alpha channels, and colour profiles.

In the Dark Ages of game programming, i.e. during the time of DirectX 8, working with BitMaps was quite tedious, as there are about a trillion different bitmap file formats. To load a bitmap, one has to study the bitmap file format and write some code to load the data from a bitmap file. Let us examine the Windows native BMP file format.

As you can see, a BMP file consists of seven parts or blocks, four of which are optional. We will cover each of those.

The bitmap file header is a block of bytes that is always at the start of a bitmap file and holds general information about the bitmap. You would read this block first to make sure the file is actually a valid BMP file.

typedef struct tagBITMAPFILEHEADER {
WORD  bfType;
DWORD bfSize;
WORD  bfReserved1;
WORD  bfReserved2;
DWORD bfOffBits;


###### WORD bfType

This specifies the file type and must be BM (0x4D42) for a valid .BMP file.

###### DWORD bfSize

This member stores the size in bytes of the bitmap file.

###### WORD bfReserved2

Those are reserved fields that must be zero.

###### DWORD bfOffBits

This specifies the offset, in bytes, from the beginning of the BITMAPFILEHEADER structure structure to the actual bitmap bits.

#### DIB header or the bitmap information section

This block of bytes stores detailed information about the image, namely its dimensions and colour information:

typedef struct tagBITMAPINFO {
} BITMAPINFO, *PBITMAPINFO;



This structure contains detailed colour information.

This member holds the colour palette, if there actually is one. More precisely, it either contains an array of RGBQUADs whose elements mame up the colour palette, or an array of 16-bit unsigned integers that specifies indexes into the currently realized logical palette. The number of entries in this array depend on the biBitCount and biClrUsed members of the BITMAPINFOHEADER.

Let us thus have a look at this info header:

typedef struct tagBITMAPINFOHEADER {
DWORD biSize;
LONG  biWidth;
LONG  biHeight;
WORD  biPlanes;
WORD  biBitCount;
DWORD biCompression;
DWORD biSizeImage;
LONG  biXPelsPerMeter;
LONG  biYPelsPerMeter;
DWORD biClrUsed;
DWORD biClrImportant;


###### DWORD biSize

This member specifies the number of bytes required by the structure.

###### LONG biWidth

This member specifies the width of the bitmap, in pixels.

If biCompression is BI_JPEG or BI_PNG, the biWidth member specifies the width of the decompressed JPEG or PNG image file, respectively.

###### LONG biHeight

This member specifies the height of the bitmap, in pixels. We have already noticed that if biHeight is positive, the bitmap is bottom-up bitmap with the origin in the lower left corner, else it is a top-down bitmap with origin in the upper left corner.

Furthermore, if this member is negative, biCompression must either be BI_RGB or BI_BITFIELDS, as top-down bitmaps cannot be compressed.

If biCompression is BI_JPEG or BI_PNG, the biHeight member specifies the height of the decompressed JPEG or PNG image file, respectively.

###### WORD biPlanes

This member specifies the number of colour planes and must be set to 1.

###### WORD biBitCount

This member specifies the number of bits per pixel.

The following pixel formats are possible (remember that bit maps are actually maps from $\mathbb{N}$ to a finite subset of $\mathbb{N}$:

• 0 bits-per-pixel means that the number of bits-per-pixel is specified or implied by the JPEG or PNG format.

• 1 bit-per-pixel means that the bitmap is monochrome. The 1-bit-per-pixel format supports 2 distinct colours. Each bit is an index into a table of 2 colours. An unset bit will refer to the first colour table entry, and a set bit will refer to the second colour table entry.

• 4 bits-per-pixel means that the bitmap has a maximum of $2^4=16$ distinct colours and stores 2 pixels per 1 byte. Each pixel value is a 4-bit index into a table of up to 16 colours.

• The 8-bits-per-pixel format supports $2^8=256$ distinct colours and stores 1 pixel per 1 byte. Each byte is an index into a table of up to 256 colours.

• The 16-bits-per-pixel format supports $2^{16}=65536$ distinct colours and stores 1 pixel per 2-byte WORD. Each WORD can define the alpha, red, green and blue samples of the pixel.

• The 24-bits-per-pixel format supports $2^{24}=16777216$ distinct colours and stores 1 pixel value per 3 bytes. Each pixel value defines the red, green and blue samples of the pixel.

• The 32-bits-per-pixel format supports $2^{32}=4294967296$ distinct colours and stores 1 pixel per 4-byte DWORD. Each DWORD can define the alpha, red, green and blue samples of the pixel.

###### DWORD biCompression

This member specifies the type of compression used. Check the MSDN for all possible values, but note that BI_RGB stands for an uncompressed format, and BI_JPG and BI_PNG indicate that the image is a JPEG or PNG image respectively.

###### DWORD biSizeImage

This member specifies the size of the image in bytes. This may be set to zero for BI_RGB bitmaps.

If biCompression is BI_JPEG or BI_PNG, biSizeImage indicates the size of the JPEG or PNG image buffer, respectively.

###### LONG biYPelsPerMeter

These members specify the pixels per meter on the x-asis and y-axis respectively.

###### DWORD biClrUsed

This member specifies the number of colours used by the bitmap.

###### DWORD biClrImportant

This member specifies the important colours that are required to display the bitmap. If this value is zero, all colors are required.

#### Bitmap Data Area

The bits representing the bitmap pixels are packed in rows. The size of each row is rounded up to a multiple of 4 bytes by padding. For images with height $| h | > 1$, multiple padded rows are stored consecutively, forming an array of pixels.

The total number of bytes necessary to store one row of pixels $r$, with $n$ bits per pixel and an image width of $w$, can thus be calculated as:$$r=\lfloor \frac{w \cdot n + 31}{32} \rfloor \cdot 4.$$

To total amount of memory $m$, in bytes, needed to store an array of pixels in an $n$ bits per pixel image, with $2^n$ colours and an image height $h$, can thus be computed as follows:$$m = r \cdot | h |.$$ The absolute value is necessary, because the height of an image can be negative (which means that the image is saved upside down).

The actual pixel array is a block of 32-bit DWORDs, that describes the image pixel by pixel. Usually pixels are stored "upside-down" with respect to normal image raster scan order, starting in the lower left corner, going from left to right, and then row by row from the bottom to the top of the image, unless BITMAPCOREHEADER is used, uncompressed Windows bitmaps also can be stored from the top to bottom, resulting in negative image height (c.f. above).

As you can see, writing a method to load bitmaps isn't too easy, there are so many details to be wary off. We have three possibilities now, we can write our own method, we can use an open source method like the stb library, or use the Windows Imaging Component (WIC) that Microsoft provides.

Let us see what the WIC can do.

# The Windows Imaging Component

The Windows Imaging Component (WIC) is a Component Object Model based imaging codec framework for working with digital images and image metadata. It allows applications supporting the framework to automatically get support of installed codecs for graphics file formats.

WIC enables image processing operations on any image format through a single set of common APIs, without requiring prior knowledge of specific image formats. Which is super nice, as you have seen how messy those image formats can be. By default, WIC supports JPEG, TIFF, GIF, PNG, BMP, DDS and HD Photo encoders and decoders, and an .ICO decoder (see below for more information on encoders and decoders).

## What's new in Windows Imaging Content

The Windows Imaging Component has been updated with new releases of Windows. This sectopm provides a quick introduction to these new features.

### Windows 7

#### TIFF Codec

With Windows 7 came an update to the TIFF codec to support large TIFF files.

#### Progressive Decoding

Progressive decoding provides the ability to incrementally decode and render portions of an image before the entire image has finished downloading.

In Windows 7, the WIC provides extended support for JPEGs, PNGs, and GIFs.

Objects within a multithreaded apartment may be called concurrently by any number of threads within the same apartment, allowing for better performance on multicore systems. In addition, WIC codecs that live in an apartment can call other objects that live within the same apartment without the marshaling cost associated of calling between threads that live in different singlethread apartments.

In Windows 7, all in-box WIC codecs have been updated to support multithreaded apartments, including JPEG, TIFF, PNG, GIF, ICO, and BMP.

It is highly recommended to use codecs that support multithreaded apartments, as other codecs will cause significant performance degredation in multithreaded applications due to marshaling.

There are currently a variety of metadata storage formats that contain overlapping properties, without any clear industry standard or guidance on consistent methods for reading and writing these metadata formats. To help with this variety of formats and properties, the Metadata Working Group (MWG) was formed.

The aim of the MWG is to provide guidelines that ensure interoperability among a wide variety of platforms, applications, and devices. The guidelines established by the MWG apply to the XMP, Exif, and IPTC metadata fields, and to the JPEG, TIFF, and PSD image formats.

In Windows 7, the photo metadata handler and the metadata policy layer have been updated to read and write image metadata according to the guidelines established by the MWG.

### Windows 8

One of the most exciting updates to WIC under Windows 8 was an

#### Improved Direct2D Integration

A new factory, the IWICImagingFactory2 is capable of creating IWICImageEncoders.

#### New Pixel Formats

WIC in Windows defines and supports various new pixel formats.

### Windows 8.1

#### JPEG Y'CbCr

Starting in Windows 8.1, WIC provides support for decoding, transforming and encoding JPEG Y'CbCr image data in its native format, resulting in a significant decrease of the processing time and memory consumption for certain imaging operations when working with Y'CbCr encoded JPEGs.

#### Block Compressed Formats

WIC now supports DDS images encoded in the following formats: DXGI_FORMAT_BC1_UNORM, DXGI_FORMAT_BC2_UNORM, and DXGI_FORMAT_BC3_UNORM. DDS block compressed data can be accessed in a decoded form using standard WIC interfaces, or directly accessed using new DDS specific interfaces.

#### Low-Level JPEG

Starting in Windows 10, version 1507, WIC provides access to low-level JPEG data structures, including Huffman and quantization tables.

#### JPEG Indexing

JPEG indexing is a technique that significantly improves the performance of randomly accessing small sub regions of a large JPEG image, at the cost of some additional memory usage. The ID2D1ImageSourceFromWic interface is designed to leverage JPEG indexing if it is turned on.

## Initializing the Windows Imaging Component

First we have to initialize COM, as WIC relies on COM to create its objects. Each thread that needs COM, needs to initialize COM, and uninitialize it when it is done. We can do this in the constructor and destructor of the Direct2D class.

To initialize COM, we simply call the CoInitialize method in the constructor:

Direct2D::Direct2D(core::DirectXApp* dxApp) : ...
{
// initialize COM
CoInitialize(NULL);

...
}


And to end COM, we simply call the CoUnitialize method in the desctructor:

Direct2D::~Direct2D()
{
// release the WICFactory

// end COM
CoUninitialize();

util::ServiceLocator::getFileLogger()->print<util::SeverityType::info>("Direct2D was shut down successfully.");
}


Now with COM properly running, we can create the Windows Imaging Component Factory using the CoCreateInstance function, which creates a single uninitialized object of a specified class:

HRESULT CoCreateInstance(
_In_  REFCLSID  rclsid,
_In_  LPUNKNOWN pUnkOuter,
_In_  DWORD     dwClsContext,
_In_  REFIID    riid,
_Out_ LPVOID    *ppv
);


#### REFCLSID rclsid

The CLSID associated with the data and code that will be used to create the object. The ID for a new WIC Factory is CLSID_WICImagingFactory2.

#### LPUNKNOWN pUnkOuter

We can set this to NULL to indicate that the object is not being created as part of an aggregate.

#### DWORD dwClsContext

This member specifies the context in which the code that manages the newly created object will run. The values are taken from the enumeration CLSCTX. We will use CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER, indicating that the code that creates and manages objects of this class is a DLL that runs in the same process as the caller of the function specifying the class context.

#### REFIID riid

This parameter is a reference to the identifier of the interface to be used to communicate with the object.

#### LPVOID *ppv

This is the address of pointer variable that receives the interface pointer requested in riid. Upon successful return, *ppv contains the requested interface pointer. Upon failure, *ppv contains NULL.

Here is the C++-code to create the Windows Imaging Component Factory:

// includes
#include <wincodec.h>	// Windows Imaging Component
#include <WTypes.h>

#pragma comment (lib, "Windowscodecs.lib")

Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<IWICImagingFactory2> WICFactory;	// Windows Imaging Component factory

util::Expected<void> Direct2D::createDevice()
{
// create the DirectWrite factory
...

// create WIC factory
if (FAILED(CoCreateInstance(CLSID_WICImagingFactory2, NULL, CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER, IID_IWICImagingFactory2, &WICFactory)))
return std::runtime_error("Critical error: Unable to create the WIC factory!");

// create the Direct2D factory
...

// return success
return {};
}


We can now use the WICFactory to handle all our imaging needs!

We will learn how to load images from the harddisk by an example using a BMP file.

In WIC images are not loaded directly, instead the factory is used to create a decoder, which is capable of reading a certain image format first.

Let us create a decoder for the following BMP image of little Cosmo

To create a bitmap decoder from a file on the harddrive, Microsoft offers the IWICImagingFactory::CreateDecoderFromFilename method:

HRESULT CreateDecoderFromFilename(
[in]                LPCWSTR           wzFilename,
[in]          const GUID              *pguidVendor,
[in]                DWORD             dwDesiredAccess,
[out, retval]       IWICBitmapDecoder **ppIDecoder
);


Let us go over the parameters very quickly:

#### LPWSTR wzFilename

This parameter is a pointer to a null-terminated string that specifies the name of the image to load.

#### GUID *pguidVendor

This is the ID for the preferred decoder vendor. We will use NULL as we have no special wishes so far.

#### IWICBitmapDecoder **ppIDecoder

When the function returns, this pointer stores a pointer to the new bitmap decoder object.

This isn't so bad, let us see how this looks in C++:

// initialize graphics
util::Expected<void> DirectXGame::initGraphics()
{
// cosmo image

// create decoder
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<IWICBitmapDecoder> bitmapDecoder;
return std::runtime_error("Failed to create decoder from filename!");

// return success
return {};
}


Some formats allow multiple frames in the same image, thus we have to tell WIC which frame we want. Most of the times we will only have one frame, thus we will request the 0-th frame using the GetFrame method:

HRESULT GetFrame(
[in]  UINT                  index,
[out] IWICBitmapFrameDecode **ppIBitmapFrame
);


#### UINT index

This specifies the particular frame to retrieve.

#### IWICBitmapFrameDecode **ppIBitmapFrame

A pointer that receives a pointer to the newly created bitmap with the retrieved frame.

This sounds easy, so let us try it out:

// initialize graphics
util::Expected<void> DirectXGame::initGraphics()
{
// cosmo image

// create decoder
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<IWICBitmapDecoder> bitmapDecoder;
return std::runtime_error("Failed to create decoder from filename!");

// get the correct frame
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<IWICBitmapFrameDecode> frame;
return std::runtime_error("Failed to retrieve frame from bitmap!");

// return success
return {};
}


## Format Conversion

So far this was surprisingly, even if a bit cumbersome just to load one image. Nevertheless, we shall march on!

The next thing to do is to finally create the actual bitmap image. To do so, we have to create a converter, which is capable to convert images into whatever format Direct2D desires. To create the format converter, we use the CreateFormatConverter method:

HRESULT CreateFormatConverter(
[out] IWICFormatConverter **ppIFormatConverter
);


The only parameter is a pointer that receives a pointer to a new IWICFormatConverter.

Before being able to finally create the desired Direct2D bitmap image, this newly created WIC image must be initialized. This is necessary, because we have to tell the converter how the pixels of the image should appear on the render target. We want to work with the 32-bits-per-pixel format, more specifically, Direct2D requires bitmap sources to be in the a 32bppPBGRA format for rendering, but there are many variants of this format and we have thus to make sure that we get the right data layout.

To initialize the WIC image, a call to the IWICFormatConverter::Initialize method is sufficient:

HRESULT Initialize(
[in] IWICBitmapSource      *pISource,
[in] REFWICPixelFormatGUID dstFormat,
[in] WICBitmapDitherType   dither,
[in] IWICPalette           *pIPalette,
[in] double                alphaThresholdPercent,
[in] WICBitmapPaletteType  paletteTranslate
);


#### IWICBitmapSource *pISource

This parameter specifies the bitmap to convert. We can simply input our frame here.

#### REFWICPixelFormatGUID dstFormat

This specifies the GUID of the destination pixel format. We will use GUID_WICPixelFormat32bppPBGRA, according to our render target.

#### WICBitmapDitherType dither

This parameter specifies the dither type, basically an intentionally applied form of noise used to randomize quantization errors, to use when converting between image formats. We will set this to WICBitmapDitherTypeNone, which means that we want to use a solid colour algorithm without dither.

#### IWICPalette *pIPalette

The palette to use for format conversion. We can pass NULL here.

#### double alphaThresholdPercent

This specifies the alpha threshold to use for conversion. We will set this to 0.

#### WICBitmapPaletteType paletteTranslate

This specifies the palette translation type to use for conversion. We will set this to WICBitmapPaletteTypeCustom, indicating that a custom palette is provided.

Phew, this sounds complicated, and I must admit that it is a bit of an overkill, but actually using the method is rather easy:

// initialize graphics
util::Expected<void> DirectXGame::initGraphics()
{
// cosmo image

// create decoder
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<IWICBitmapDecoder> bitmapDecoder;
return std::runtime_error("Failed to create decoder from filename!");

// get the correct frame
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<IWICBitmapFrameDecode> frame;
return std::runtime_error("Failed to retrieve frame from bitmap!");

// create the format converter
return std::runtime_error("Failed to create the format converter!");

// initialize the WIC image
if (FAILED(cosmoImage->Initialize(frame.Get(), GUID_WICPixelFormat32bppPBGRA, WICBitmapDitherTypeNone, NULL, 0, WICBitmapPaletteTypeCustom)))
return std::runtime_error("Failed to initialize the WIC image!");

// return success
return {};
}


## Bitmap Creation

There is only one more step to complete before we can finally render our image. Obviously we still have to create a render target specific bitmap resource to ensure that the bitmap will physically reside in memory as close to the GPU as possible.

To create the bitmap, we use the ID2D1DeviceContext::CreateBitmapFromWicBitmap method:

HRESULT CreateBitmapFromWicBitmap(
[in]                 IWICBitmapSource        *wicBitmapSource,
[in, optional] const D2D1_BITMAP_PROPERTIES1 *bitmapProperties,
[out]                ID2D1Bitmap1            **bitmap
);


#### IWICBitmapSource *wicBitmapSource

This parameter specifies the WIC bitmap source to copy from.

#### D2D1_BITMAP_PROPERTIES1 *bitmapProperties

This parameter is optional and we do not need it. When it is not specified, the created bitmap inherits the pixel format and alpha mode from wicBitmapSource.

#### ID2D1Bitmap1 **bitmap

When the function returns, this parameters holds the address of the newly created bitmap object.

This is easy to use:

// initialize graphics
util::Expected<void> DirectXGame::initGraphics()
{
// cosmo image

// create decoder
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<IWICBitmapDecoder> bitmapDecoder;
return std::runtime_error("Failed to create decoder from filename!");

// get the correct frame
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<IWICBitmapFrameDecode> frame;
return std::runtime_error("Failed to retrieve frame from bitmap!");

// create the format converter
return std::runtime_error("Failed to create the format converter!");

// initialize the WIC image
if (FAILED(cosmoImage->Initialize(frame.Get(), GUID_WICPixelFormat32bppPBGRA, WICBitmapDitherTypeNone, NULL, 0, WICBitmapPaletteTypeCustom)))
return std::runtime_error("Failed to initialize the WIC image!");

return std::runtime_error("Failed to create the bitmap image!");

// return success
return {};
}


We have to remember though, that resources depending on the render target must be recreated when the render target changes, although Microsoft states the following:

"DXGI surface render targets do not support the ID2D1RenderTarget::Resize method. To resize a DXGI surface render target, the application must release and re-create it.

This operation can potentially create performance issues. The render target might be the last active Direct2D resource that keeps a reference to the Direct3D device associated with the render target's DXGI surface. If the application releases the render target and the Direct3D reference is destroyed, a new one must be recreated.

You can avoid this potentially expensive operation by keeping at least one Direct2D resource that was created by the render target while you re-create that render target. The following are some Direct2D resources that work for this approach:

• ID2D1Bitmap (which may be held indirectly by an ID2D1BitmapBrush)
• ID2D1Layer
• ID2D1Mesh

To accommodate this approach, your resize method should test to see whether the Direct3D device is available. If it is available, release and re-create your DXGI surface render targets, but keep all the resources that they created previously and reuse them. This works because, as described in the Resources Overview, resources created by two render targets are compatible when both render targets are associated with the same Direct3D device."

Now all that is left to do is to draw the bitmap. Cosmo will finally come to live! To draw Cosmo, we can use the ID2D1DeviceContext::DrawBitmap method:

void DrawBitmap(
[in]                 ID2D1Bitmap             *bitmap,
[in, optional]       D2D1_RECT_F             *destinationRectangle,
FLOAT                   opacity,
D2D1_INTERPOLATION_MODE interpolationMode,
[in, optional] const D2D1_RECT_F             sourceRectangle,
[in, optional] const D2D1_MATRIX_4X4_F       perspectiveTransform
);


#### ID2D1Bitmap *bitmap

This is the bitmap to draw.

#### D2D1_RECT_F *destinationRectangle

This specifies the destination rectangle. The default is the size of the bitmap and the location is the upper left corner of the render target.

#### FLOAT opacity

This parameter sets the opacity of the bitmap.

#### D2D1_INTERPOLATION_MODE interpolationMode

This parameter specifies the interpolation mode to use.

#### D2D1_RECT_F sourceRectangle

This parameter specifies an optional source rectangle. The sourceRectangle parameter defines the sub-rectangle of the source bitmap (in DIPs). DrawBitmap will clip this rectangle to the size of the source bitmap, thus making it impossible to sample outside of the bitmap. If NULL is specified, then the source rectangle is taken to be the size of the source bitmap.

#### D2D1_MATRIX_4X4_F perspectiveTransform

This parameter specifies an optional perspective transformation. If a perspectiveTransform is specified it is applied to the rectangle in addition to the transform set on the render target.

And here is the C++-code to finally render Cosmo:

util::Expected<int> DirectXGame::render(double /*farSeer*/)
{
// clear the back buffer and the depth/stencil buffer
d3d->clearBuffers();

// draw the bitmap image
d2d->devCon->BeginDraw();
const D2D1_RECT_F rect = D2D1::RectF(0, 0, 800, 600);
d2d->devCon->DrawBitmap(cosmoBitmap.Get(), &rect, 1.0f, D2D1_BITMAP_INTERPOLATION_MODE_NEAREST_NEIGHBOR, NULL);
if (FAILED(d2d->devCon->EndDraw()))
return std::runtime_error("Failed to draw Cosmo!");

// print FPS information
if (!d2d->printFPS(d2d->blackBrush).wasSuccessful())
return std::runtime_error("Failed to print FPS information!");

...
}


# Bitmap Brushes

Instead of saving the image into a Direct2D Bitmap, we can also create a brush with a bitmap image. The code to load the image from the harddrive does not change, but we now store the image in a Direct2D Bitmap Brush.

A bitmap brush is used to fill a geometry with a bitmap. Like all brushes, it defines an infinite plane of content. Because bitmaps are finite, the brush relies on an "extend mode" to determine how the plane is filled horizontally and vertically.

To create bitmap brushes, we use the ID2D1DeviceContext::CreateBitmapBrush method:

HRESULT CreateBitmapBrush(
[in]           ID2D1Bitmap                   *bitmap,
[in, optional] D2D1_BITMAP_BRUSH_PROPERTIES1 *bitmapBrushProperties,
[in, optional] D2D1_BRUSH_PROPERTIES         *brushProperties,
[out]          ID2D1BitmapBrush1             **bitmapBrush
);


#### ID2D1Bitmap *bitmap

This is a pointer to the desired bitmap to use as a brush.

#### D2D1_BITMAP_BRUSH_PROPERTIES1 *bitmapBrushProperties

This structure specifies the properties of the bitmap:

struct D2D1_BITMAP_BRUSH_PROPERTIES1 {
D2D1_EXTEND_MODE        extendModeX;
D2D1_EXTEND_MODE        extendModeY;
D2D1_INTERPOLATION_MODE interpolationMode;
};


###### D2D1_EXTEND_MODE extendModeX

This value specifies how the brush horizontally tiles those areas that extend past its bitmap.

###### D2D1_EXTEND_MODE extendModeY

A value that describes how the brush vertically tiles those areas that extend past its bitmap.

###### D2D1_INTERPOLATION_MODE interpolationMode

This member specifies how the bitmap is interpolated when it is scaled or rotated.

#### D2D1_BRUSH_PROPERTIES *brushProperties

We already know how to use this properties structure from previous tutorial,s simply put in the desired opacity and transformation matrix.

#### ID2D1BitmapBrush1 **bitmapBrush

After the function finishes, this holds a pointer to the newly created bitmap brush.

This function is really use to use; the two property structures are optional.

Let us see the code in action. To see the power of the WIC, we will load a Tetronimo, saved as a PNG, and create a bitmap brush:

// the core game class, derived from DirectXApp
class DirectXGame : core::DirectXApp
{
private:
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<IWICFormatConverter> tetronimoImage;
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID2D1BitmapBrush1> tetronimoBitmapBrush;
D2D1_RECT_F rect;

public:
...

//
};

// initialize graphics
util::Expected<void> DirectXGame::initGraphics()
{
// create game graphics

// tetronimo

// create decoder
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<IWICBitmapDecoder> bitmapDecoder;
return std::runtime_error("Failed to create decoder from filename!");

// get the correct frame
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<IWICBitmapFrameDecode> frame;
return std::runtime_error("Failed to retrieve frame from bitmap!");

// create the format converter
return std::runtime_error("Failed to create the format converter!");

// initialize the WIC image
if (FAILED(tetronimoImage->Initialize(frame.Get(), GUID_WICPixelFormat32bppPBGRA, WICBitmapDitherTypeNone, NULL, 0, WICBitmapPaletteTypeCustom)))
return std::runtime_error("Failed to initialize the WIC image!");

// rectangle to fill with the brush
rect = { 0, 0, 420, 420 };

// create render target dependent graphics
this->onResize();

// return success
return {};
}

// resize graphics
util::Expected<void> DirectXGame::onResize()
{
// run the core DirectX app update method
if (!DirectXApp::onResize().wasSuccessful())
return std::runtime_error("Failed to resize graphics!");

// create the tetronimo bitmap brush
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID2D1Bitmap1> tetronimoBitmap;
return std::runtime_error("Failed to create the bitmap image!");

return std::runtime_error("Failed to create the bitmap brush!");

// return success
return { };
}

util::Expected<int> DirectXGame::render(double /*farSeer*/)
{
// clear the back buffer and the depth/stencil buffer
d3d->clearBuffers();

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///////////////////////////// Direct2D /////////////////////////////////////////////////
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
d2d->devCon->BeginDraw();

// translate away from upper left corner
d2d->matrixTranslation.dx = 200;
d2d->matrixTranslation.dy = 100;
d2d->devCon->SetTransform(d2d->matrixTranslation);

// draw the rectangle
d2d->devCon->FillRectangle(rect, tetronimoBitmapBrush.Get());

// reset transformation
d2d->devCon->SetTransform(D2D1::IdentityMatrix());

// print FPS information
d2d->printFPS(d2d->blackBrush.Get());

if(FAILED(d2d->devCon->EndDraw()))
return std::runtime_error("Failed to draw 2D graphics!");

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///////////////////////////// Direct3D /////////////////////////////////////////////////
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

// present the scene
if (!d3d->present().wasSuccessful())
return std::runtime_error("Failed to present the scene!");

// return success
return 0;
}



This is a lot of information to process, nonetheless, we now have a robust framework to load images, in many different formats, and to render them to the screen.

In the next tutorial, we will recapitulate all we have learned so far.

# References

## Literature

• Microsoft Developer Network (MSDN)
• Wikipedia